Another world conquest manual

From a practical point of view, objectively speaking.

If the rabbits are incapable of breaking through the helium iron microcrystalline array, then it doesn't actually matter whether the "vacuum" exists or not.

But now the rabbits have the technology to break through the barrier without too much cost.

The difference between the existence and non-existence of "vacuum" is very big.

Of course.

Someone may ask:

Why can't it be that there are no divalent ferrous ions around, which leads to the possibility that ferrous heliide cannot be produced?

the reason is simple:

This cave is in the Zhongzhou section of the Qinling Mountains, and the administrative district belongs to Xinxiang.

Although the iron ore reserves in Xinxiang are not as high as those in Luoyang, they are not that low either.

At least the surrounding iron element is relatively rich, and there are three large mines.

Therefore, theoretically speaking, there is no possibility of lack of divalent ferrous ions in the surroundings.

Therefore, there is no barrier on the outside of the ice coffin, and the problem can obviously only be attributed to the inside.

His gaze returned to its original position.

Although Lu Chaoyang had some thoughts in his mind.

But look at the big picture.

Even if there is no vacuum in the ice coffin, its value will still not be reduced much - this situation only suffers from the field of vacuum physics research.

So after adjusting his mentality, he took a deep breath.

He said to Su Bai next to him in as calm a tone as possible:

"Major Su, let's check the surroundings first.

Check to see if there are any important traces or items.

After the surrounding area is cleared and inspected, we will consider the issue of the ice coffin. "

Su Bai nodded:

"clear!"

five minutes later.

Several practitioners dispersed their spiritual thoughts at the same time, while the remaining few began to search with their naked eyes.

A few more minutes passed.

Ouyang Dongshan suddenly raised his hand, and his slightly excited voice even echoed in the cave:

"Professor Lu, I have a discovery here!"

Lu Chaoyang quickly walked to his side and asked:

"Researcher Ouyang, what did you find?"

Ouyang Dongshan pulled Lu Chaoyang's warm clothes, pointed at the ground and said:

"that's it!"

Lu Chaoyang stretched out his head curiously and blinked after seeing the object Ouyang Dongshan was pointing at:

"Is this an ice cube?"

Ouyang Dongshan nodded:

"That's right, ice cubes!"

The ice discovered by Ouyang Dongshan was outside the groove, behind a protruding rock.

The coverage area is about the size of a six-and-a-half pack of Lay's potato chips, and the thickness may be about ten centimeters.

Cold noodles, ultra-low temperature.

Plus a source of water appeared out of nowhere.

The above three factors caused the ice cubes to form here.

Looking at Lu Chaoyang who was a little confused, Ouyang Dongshan smiled.

Just listen to him explain:

"Professor Lu, let me tell you.

Don't underestimate this thing.

Such a large piece of ice is enough for us to determine its formation time. "

"Formation time?"

When Lu Chaoyang heard this, an inexplicable look suddenly appeared in his eyes.

This time he led the team to Fat Tiger Cave with only one main purpose, which was to ensure that the ice coffin was safely transported to the base camp.

But in addition to this, the group has other secondary tasks that cannot be ignored, especially detection matters.

After all, if it was just to carry the ice coffin, his superiors would not send so many people to go with him.

Among the many tasks, one of them is to determine as much as possible the time when the ice coffin - or the cave's low temperature begins to appear.

If you follow what Ouyang Dongshan said.

They have the ability to determine the age of ice formation through technical means.

So this will undoubtedly be a huge boost to the task of low-temperature formation time.

True.

The ice may have formed over a short period of time, such as decades or even years.

Maybe it was formed last month.

But again.

There is also a possibility of early formation.

These two possibilities exist at the same time, and no one can say which one is more likely.

As long as there are no other better samples.

The formation time of ice cubes represents the lower limit of freezing point temperature in caves.

Even if you detect that it was formed five months ago, this can rule out the past five months, right?

Then Lu Chaoyang thought for a while and said:

"Researcher Ouyang, what method should be used to detect this kind of ice?

Can photoluminescence signals be used? Or cold atom physics? "

"Photoluminescence signals are definitely not possible. It detects age by capturing electrons in mineral crystals such as quartz or feldspar, and it requires the average annual radiation dose of the environment."

While Ouyang Dongshan was explaining, he glanced at him with a strange expression:

"As for cold atom physics

Professor Lu, are you really not showing off your skills?

Only the University of Science and Technology of China is working in this direction, right?

How can someone like me, who is engaged in scientific research in Antarctica, understand this stuff that is stuffed out of boxes in the USTC laboratory? "

Lu Chaoyang laughed dryly and touched his head in embarrassment:

"Yes. Sorry, I forgot. You can continue."

Ouyang Dongshan organized his language and said:

"This type of ice can generally be identified using the O-18 isotope method, but the disadvantage is that it is not so accurate.

For example, it can only detect relatively rough ages of 1,000, 3,000, or 20,000 years.

As for whether it is 1900 or 1100, it is difficult to judge.

But its advantages are also obvious.

That is, the time to produce results is very short, and the equipment requirements and steps are also very simple. "

Lu Chaoyang nodded thoughtfully:

"O-18."

Although he doesn't know much about geography, some professional terms are quite clear.

Therefore, when Ouyang Dongshan mentioned the O-18 identification method, he almost understood the relevant principles.

People who are familiar with the concept of ice ages should know this.

If within the time scale of a historical topic.

Rapid changes in temperature are generally compared through clues that can be found in relevant records.

For example, in the first year of Emperor Huizong Zhenghe's reign (1111), Taihu Lake was completely frozen, and Shi Ji could still run horse-drawn carriages.

This actually corresponds to a Little Ice Age between the two Song Dynasties.

In addition, this also corresponds to the historical event that the Jurchens rose up to destroy the Liao Dynasty and break up the Song Dynasty not long after.

There are even more clues about the Little Ice Age during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

For example, the Hanshui-Huaihe River freezes, Poyang Lake freezes, etc.

This is a judgment method that combines historical facts and is generally used in answering historical documents.

To find glacial and interglacial periods on a geological time scale, the O-18 identification method is used.

The chemistry teacher is in good health and students who are not mad to death should know this.

Oxygen has three natural isotopes: O-16, O-17 and O-18.

They both have 8 protons, but 8, 9, and 10 neutrons respectively.

Among them, O-17 is so rare that I cannot list it.

There are two types left.

There are far more O-16s than O-18s, but their proportions do not change much under normal conditions.

But once the climate changes in a large area, their proportions will be different.

O-18 is heavier and requires more energy to evaporate than O-16 because it is too heavy to fly.

Students who know the fat man in the specific situation can substitute acquaintances and make up their minds.

As for my classmate who is fat.

You can look down at your round abdominal muscles and lose weight quickly! !

all in all.

in chemistry.

This process is called isotope fractionation.

Therefore, in the polar and non-coastal areas, the proportions of O-18 and O-16 are different in different periods.

And this ratio is very obvious and stable. It will not be different if the difference between two places is hundreds of kilometers.

The specific detection method for O-18 is an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, which is the IRMS that many people love and hate.

The principle of IRMS is actually very simple. The ionized sample is driven into a magnetic field through an ion gun.

These charged particles are deflected under the influence of a magnetic field, and when their charges are the same (the force is the same), the amount of deflection (radius of circular motion) is related to their own mass.

So the different isotopes separate and land on the sensor on the other side of the magnetic field.

Eventually, several different current signals will be generated.

Then the current signals are aggregated and processed, and the proportion of O-18 in the sample can be measured.

The main body of an IRMS is about the same size as a printer, and even a girl can carry it.

That's why Ouyang Dongshan said that the equipment and requirements are simple. This is really not a big deal.

This time, the IRMS carried by Lu Chaoyang and others was put into the space bag. Due to its small size, Cao Yi, who had reached the foundation building stage, took it out without much effort.

Then Ouyang Dongshan debugged for about 20 minutes, and everything was ready.

Then turn on the small reserve power supply and press the switch.

The test started very simply.

Buzz buzz——

IRMS looks like a printer and sounds like a printer.

So there was a super cool operation that happened at a certain university in China:

A couple of postgraduate students may be in love, and they are looking for excitement.

So the man bought a buzzing egg, a high-power one.

One day, he even started running IRMS while a bunch of people were doing experiments.

Unexpectedly, the two buzzing sounds were different. The professor leading the project became a little puzzled when he heard:

What is this sound?

Is there something wrong with any device?

A piece of equipment costs millions, and he couldn't afford it if something went wrong, so he shut down IRMS in advance.

The professor turned off the equipment suddenly. The man was still looking at the mass spectrum and did not react for a while.

As a result, the egg rang for a few more seconds before turning off, so the professor locked onto the woman on the spot.

In fact, it’s an afterthought.

At this time, if the woman admits that her phone is vibrating, she might be able to fool her. Although magnetic objects are generally not allowed in such laboratories, many people still make exceptions for non-critical daily experiments.

Unexpectedly, the woman was so anxious that she couldn't think of this excuse and couldn't explain it.

So the professor thought she had broken some instrument and was afraid to tell the truth, so he went to the engineer on duty and asked for permission to watch the surveillance.

Everyone can probably guess the subsequent result, which was immediate social death - I won't say which school.

Anyway, it’s not the University of Science and Technology, but a school in Fujian Province.

Therefore, it is better for young people not to have too much fun. Sometimes they cannot get on 91 and end up on the bulletin board.

His gaze returned to the cave.

IRMS results come out quickly.

In less than twenty minutes, a piece of data on δ18O—that is, the ratio of O-18 to O-16—was released.

Then Ouyang Dongshan took the report and compared it through the D-P chart (Note 1)

The moment he saw this number, Ouyang Dongshan frowned:

"Huh? -59.9?

This value is a bit too high.”

Then he shook the D-P diagram and began to locate the specific year.

Due to his long-term exposure to icebergs, although Ouyang Dongshan was not sure of the specific age, he still subconsciously felt that this time period was not too close.

"3700 years. 6000 years. 43000 years."

As a result, his index finger slid, and his expression suddenly froze.

Lu Chaoyang on the side saw this and asked quickly:

"Researcher Ouyang, what's the result?"

Ouyang Dongshan twitched the corners of his eyes twice and handed the report directly to him:

"Professor Lu, take a look."

Lu Chaoyang took the report and checked it himself.

As a typical classmate from Zhongsuo Zhou, Lu Chaoyang can still understand such reports.

So it didn't take long for him to compare the results.

When he saw clearly the year corresponding to the result, his pupils suddenly shrank:

"This this.?"

"Three hundred and sixty thousand years ago?!"

Note

Please show your rigor on the public screen. It is too tiring to find this kind of data. I can only find the 60,000-year-old data on CNKI. I only found the 360,000-year-old data in Nature.

But I also love to be more realistic. Even if I were asked to compile false data about δ18O, I couldn’t convince myself =. =

In addition, this chapter is an all-nighter, so please ask for some monthly votes.

I don’t know if you are interested in this kind of little story. Anyway, it is definitely not fake but it is true. If you are interested, I can tell you about it later.

It’s almost 200 words each time, which is 1 starting coin. It’s definitely a lot less than other science popularizations.

If you want to see it or don't want to see it, please leave a message and I will take a look at it.